Tajwid the Art of Recitation of the Holy Quran by Abdul Majid Khan Free Pdf
 | Note: All tajwid rules in this commodity is according to the recitation of Hafs 'an 'Aasim from the fashion of Imam al-Shatibi |
Muṣḥaf al-tajwīd, an edition of the Qur'an printed with colored letters to facilitate tajweed .
In the context of the recitation of the Quran, tajwīd (Standard arabic: تجويد tajwīd , IPA: [tadʒˈwiːd], 'elocution') is a set of rules for the correct pronunciation of the letters with all their qualities and applying the diverse traditional methods of recitation (Qira'at). In Arabic, the term tajwīd is derived from the verb جود ( jawada ), from the triliteral root ج-و-د ( j-westward-d ), significant enhancement or to brand something splendid. Technically, it means giving every letter of the alphabet its correct in reciting the Qur'an.
Tajwīd or the science of tajwīd in Islam is a science by which one learns the pronunciation of Qur'anic words as pronounced by the Prophet Muhammad ibn Abdullah. The beginning of the scientific discipline of tajwīd was when the Islamic state expanded in the tertiary century of Hijra, where error and melody increased in the Qur'an due to the entry of many non-Arabs to Islam. And so the scholars of the Qur'an began to write the rules and rules of intonation. It is said that the first person to collect the scientific discipline of tajwīd in his volume Kitāb al-Qirā'āt was Imām Abu ʻUbaid al-Qāsim bin Salām (774 - 838 CE) in the third century of Hijra.[one]
History [edit]
The history of Quranic recitation is tied to the history of qira'at, as each reciter had their own set of tajwid rules, with much overlap between them.
Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam (774 - 838 CE) was the first to develop a recorded science for tajwid, giving the rules of tajwid names and putting it into writing in his book called al-Qiraat. He wrote about 25 reciters, including the 7 mutawatir reciters.[2] He made the reality, transmitted through reciters of every generation, a science with defined rules, terms, and enunciation.[iii] [four]
Abu Bakr Ibn Mujāhid (859 - 936 CE) wrote a book chosen Kitab al-Sab' fil-qirā'āt "The Seven of the Recitations." He is the commencement to limit the number of recitations to the seven known.
Imam Al-Shatibi (1320 - 1388 CE) wrote a poem outlining the two most famous means passed down from each of 7 strong imams, known as ash-Shatibiyyah. In it, he documented the rules of recitation of Naafi', Ibn Katheer, Abu 'Amr, Ibn 'Aamir, 'Aasim, al-Kisaa'i, and Hamzah. It is 1173 lines long and a major reference for the seven qira'aat.[five]
Ibn al-Jazari (1350 - 1429 CE) wrote two large poems about Qira'at and tajwid. One was Durrat Al-Maa'nia (Standard arabic: الدرة المعنية) , in the readings of iii major reciters, added to the vii in the Shatibiyyah, making it ten. The other is Tayyibat An-Nashr (Arabic: طيبة النشر), which is 1014 lines on the ten major reciters in nifty detail, of which he as well wrote a commentary.
Religious Obligation [edit]
Knowledge of the actual tajwīd rules is a community duty (farḍ al-kifāya).[ citation needed ] There is a difference of opinion on the ruling for individuals. Dr. Shadee Elmasry states that it is an private obligation (farḍ al-'ayn) on every Muslim to recite the opening chapter of the Qur'an (al-fatiha) with right tajwīd, though they practice not need to know the terms and definitions of the rules themselves.[half-dozen] Sheikh Zakariyya al-Ansari stated that it is sinful to recite in a way that changes the pregnant or changes the grammar. If it does not change these 2 things, then it is not sinful, even if it is a clear error.[7]
Qur'an and Hadith on Tajwīd [edit]
The key Quranic verse about tajwid is verse 73:four: "...and recite the Qur'an with measured recitation." The give-and-take tartīl (Arabic: ترتيل), as used in this verse, is oftentimes also used in hadith in conjunction with its command. It means to articulate slowly, carefully, and precisely.[viii]
Abu Dawud's hadith collection has a chapter heading titled "Recommendation of (reciting with) tartīl in the Qur'an." It begins with the narration: "The Messenger of Allah peace and blessings be upon him said: One who was devoted to the Qur'an will be told to recite, arise and recite carefully (Arabic: رتل rattil ) as he recited carefully when he was in the world, for he will reach his domicile when he comes to the terminal verse he recites (Sunan Abi Dawud 1464)." This narration describes the importance of the manner of recitation and its positive effects in the afterlife. The adjacent narration describes the importance of prolongation (Standard arabic: مدا maddā ): "Qatadah said: I asked Anas about the recitation of the Qur'an by the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him. He said: He used to express all the long accents clearly (Arabic: كَانَ يَمُدُّ مَدًّا) (Sunan Abi Dawud 1465)." This narration also shows that even the companions of the prophet used some terms which are nonetheless used today in tajwīd rules.
Arabic alphabet and grammar [edit]
Dominicus messages (ruby-red) and moon letters (blackness)
The Standard arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters, plus hamzah ( ء ).
The Arabic definite article is ال al- (i.eastward. the letter alif followed past lām ). The lām in al- is pronounced if the letter after it is ألقَمرية ( al-qamarīyyah , lunar), merely if the letter after it is ألشَّمسية ( ash-shamsīyyah , solar), the lām after it becomes role of the following letter (is assimilated). "Solar" and "lunar" became descriptions for these instances as the words for "the moon" and "the sun" (al-qamar and ash-shams, respectively) are examples of this rule.
Emission points [edit]
At that place are 17 emission points (makhārij al-ḥurūf) of the letters, located in diverse regions of the throat, natural language, lips, nose, and the mouth as a whole for the prolonged (madd or mudd) letters.
The manner of articulation (ṣifat al-ḥurūf) refers to the unlike attributes of the letters. Some of the characteristics have opposites, while some are individual. An instance of a characteristic would be the fricative consonant audio chosen ṣafīr, which is an attribute of air escaping from a tube.
Thickness and thinness [edit]
The emphatic consonants خ ص ض ط ظ غ ق , known every bit mufakhkham messages, are pronounced with a "heavy accent" ( tafkhīm ). This is done by either pharyngealization /ˤ/, i.e. pronounced while squeezing one's voicebox, or by velarization /ˠ/. The remaining messages – the muraqqaq – have a "lite emphasis" (tarqīq) equally they are pronounced usually, without pharyngealization (except ع , which is often considered a pharyngeal sound).
ر ( rāʼ ) is heavy when accompanied by a fatḥah or ḍammah and lite when accompanied past a kasrah. If its vowel sound is cancelled, such equally by a sukūn or the terminate of a sentence, then it is light when the beginning preceding voweled letter (without a sukun) has a kasrah. It is heavy if the commencement preceding voweled letter of the alphabet is accompanied by a fatḥah or ḍammah. For example, the ر at the stop of the first word of the Sūrat "al-ʻAṣr" is heavy considering the ع ( ʻayn ) has a fatḥah:
وَالْعَصْرِ
ل ( lām ) is only heavy in the discussion Allāh . If, however, the preceding vowel is a kasrah, then the ل in Allāh is light, such every bit in the Bismillah:
بِسْمِ اللّٰه
Prolongation [edit]
Prolongation refers to the number of morae (beats of time) that are pronounced when a voweled letter ( fatḥah , ḍammah , kasrah ) is followed by a madd letter (alif, yāʼ or wāw). The number of morae then becomes ii. If these are at the finish of the sentence, such every bit in all the verses in "al-Fatiha", then the number of morae can be more than ii, but must be consequent from verse to verse. Additionally, if there is a maddah sign over the madd letter, information technology is held for four or v morae when followed by a hamzah ( ء ) and six morae when followed by a shaddah .[nine] For example, the end of the last verse in "al-Fatiha" has a half-dozen-mora maddah due to the shaddah on the ل ( lām ).
صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلاَ ٱلضَّآلِّين
Sākinah (vowelless) letters [edit]
Nūn sākinah and tanwīn [edit]
Nūn sākinah refers to instances where the letter nūn is accompanied past a sukun sign, some cases of which involve tanwīn 's nun with a sukun. At that place are then 4 means information technology should be pronounced, depending on which letter immediately follows:
Iẓhār [edit]
- iẓhār ("clarity"): the nūn sound is pronounced conspicuously without additional modifications when followed by "letters of the throat" ( ء ه ع ح غ خ ). Consider the nūn with a sukun pronounced regularly in the first of the last verse in "al-Fatiha":
صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ
Iqlāb [edit]
- iqlāb ("conversion"): the nūn sound is converted to a /yard/ audio with imperfect closure if it is followed by a ب .[10] Additionally, it is pronounced with ghunnah, i.east. nasalization which tin can be held for ii morae. Consider the nūn sound on the tanwīn on the letter jīm that is pronounced equally a mīm instead in the chapter Al-Hajj:
وَأَنْبَتَتْ مِنْ كُلِّ زَوْجٍ بَهِيجٍ
Idghām [edit]
- idghām ("merging"): the nūn sound fully assimilates to the following sound if the latter is و م ي ل ر or another ن . With ر and ل , at that place is no nasalization (ghunnah). The final iv letters besides receive ghunnah in the procedure ( ي and و with ghunnah are pronounced as [ȷ̃:] and [w̃:]).[10] Idghām merely applies betwixt two words and not in the middle of a give-and-take. Consider for example the nūn that is non pronounced in the fifth line (the Shahada) in the Call to Prayer:
أَشْهَدُ أَن لَّا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّداً رَّسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ
Ikhfāʼ [edit]
- ikhfāʼ ("concealment"): the nūn sound is not fully pronounced (i.e. the tongue does not brand full contact with the roof of the mouth as in a regular /northward/ sound) if it is followed by whatsoever letters other than those already listed, includes a ghunnah. Consider the nūn that is suppressed in the 2d verse of the chapter Al-Falaq:
مِنْ شَرِّ مَا خَلَقَ
Mīm sākinah [edit]
The term mīm sākinah refers to instances where the letter mīm is accompanied by a sukun. There are then 3 ways it should be pronounced, depending on which letter immediately follows:
- idgham mutamathilayn ("labial merging") when followed by another mīm (commonly indicated past a shaddah ): the mīm is and so merged with the following mīm and includes a ghunnah;
- ikhfāʼ shafawī ("labial darkening"): the mīm is suppressed (i.eastward. lips not fully closed) when followed by a ب , with a ghunnah; Consider the mīm that is suppressed in the fourth verse of the chapter Al-Fil:
- تَرْمِيهِمْ بِحِجَارَةٍ
- iẓhār shafawī ("labial clarity"): the mīm is pronounced conspicuously with no subpoena when followed past any letters other than those already listed.
Qalqalah [edit]
The five qalqalah letters are the consonants ق ط د ج ب . Qalqalah is the add-on of a slight "bounciness" or reduced vowel sound /ə/ to the consonant whose vowel audio is otherwise cancelled, such as past a sukūn , shaddah , or the end of sentence.[11] The "lesser bounce" occurs when the letter is in the middle of a discussion or at the end of the word merely the reader joins it to the next discussion. A "medium bounciness" is given when the letter is at the finish of the word only is not accompanied by a shaddah, such equally the end of the outset poesy of the Sūrat "al-Falaq":[eleven]
قُلْ أَعُوذُ بِرَبِّ ٱلْفَلَقِ
The biggest bounce is when the letter of the alphabet is at the end of the discussion and is accompanied by a shaddah , such every bit the finish of the first verse of Sūrat "al-Masad":[11]
تَبَّتْ يدَاۤ أَبِی لَهَبٍ وَّتَبَّ
Waṣl [edit]
Waṣl is the rule of non pronouncing alif as a glottal stop /ʔ/, assimilating to its adjacent vowel. It is indicated with the diacritic waṣlah, a small ṣād on the letter alif (ٱ). In Arabic, words starting with alif not using a hamzah (ا) receive a waṣlah...
بِسْمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحْمٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
In nigh of the cases, the vowel that must be used before the alif waṣlah is obvious (the short or long vowel before alif waṣlah); only if it is preceded past a discussion catastrophe on a sukun, and so these are the rules:
| Ending | Caused value of sukūn later on alif waṣlah | Case |
|---|---|---|
| Tanwin /-n/1 | Tanwin + kasrah /-ni/ | مُحَمَّدٌ ٱلكَرِيمُ Muhammad the generous. /muħamːaduni lkariːm/ |
| Plural mim2 | Damma /-u/ | عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلام Peace be upon them. /alayhimu southward-salām/ |
| All other cases3 | Kasra /-i/ |
i In the case of Tanwin and alif waṣlah, the intrusive kasrah between them is non graphically represented.
two Plural mim is the catastrophe of هُمْ or كُمْ as noun suffixes and تُمْ every bit a verb suffix, which usually end as /hum/, /kum/ and /tum/ respectively. But in some cases /hum/ becomes /him/; all the same, information technology continues as /him-u/. These three always take a damma /-u/.
3 مِنْ is an exception to this, which e'er takes a fatha /-a/ if it be conjoined with the adjacent word.
Waqf [edit]
Waqf is the Arabic pausa rule; all words whose final letter cease on a harakah become mute (sukūn) when existence the concluding word of a judgement.
| Final letter of a word with a ḥarakah | Inherited value of the ending ḥarakah in pausa (waqf) | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ء (أ إ ئ ؤ) ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي Ending on any ḥarakahi | Sukūn /∅/ | بَيْتْ - بَيْتٌ firm اَلرَّبّْ - اَلرَّبُّ The Lord |
| ـًا ـًى | ـَا ـَى | مُسْتَشْفَى - مُسْتَشْفًى hospital شُكْرَا - شُكْرًا Cheers |
| ة Ending on whatsoever ḥarakah | هْ | مَلِكَهْ - مَلِكَةٍ queen |
| ءً | ءَا | إِنْشَاءَا - إِنْشَاءً cosmos |
1 Hamza on the fourth row is an exception to 'ending on any ḥarakah.' Information technology's only in the case of hamza having fathatayn, not otherwise.
In the case of the proper proper name عمرو /ʕamrun/, it is pronounced /ʕamr/ in pausa, and the last letter و wāw has no phonetical value (this writing convention is simply for the differentiation from the name عُمَر /ʕumar/). And in fact, عمرو is a triptote (something rare in proper nouns, since they are usually diptotes).
| عمرو /ʕamr/ (a proper name) | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | عَمْرٌو | /ˈʕam.run/ |
| Accusative | عَمْرًو | /ˈʕam.ran/ |
| Genitive | عَمْرٍو | /ˈʕam.rin/ |
| Pausal form (waqf) | عَمْرْو | /ʕamr/ |
See also [edit]
- Qāriʾ
- Qira'at
- Quran reading
- Qur'anic punctuation
- Tarteel
- Tilawa
[edit]
- Elocution, the coordinating modern Western study.
- Pronuntiatio, the analogous classical Western study.
- Shiksha, Hindu Vedic recital written report.
- Phonetics
References [edit]
Notes [edit]
- ^ "Kitab al-Qir'at". Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
- ^ Ajaja, Abdurrazzak. "القراءات : The readings".
- ^ el-Masry, Shadee. The Science of Tajwid. Safina Society. p. viii. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "What is Tajweed?". Online Quran Teachers . Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Ijazah in Ash-Shatibiyyah". Online Quran Teachers.
- ^ el-Masry, Shadee. The Scientific discipline of Tajwid. Safina Society. p. 7. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Azam, Tabraze. "The Sunna Method of Reciting the Qur'an and the Legal Status of Reciting With Tajwid". Seekers Guidance . Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Wehr, Hans (1993). The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modernistic Written Arabic (quaternary ed.). Spoken Language Services; fourth edition. p. 376. ISBN0879500034 . Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Madd sukoon". readwithtajweed.com. Retrieved 2011-06-02 .
- ^ a b Nelson (2001), p. 22.
- ^ a b c "Hifdh:qalqalah". Albaseera.org. 2009-12-05. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-06-26 .
Books and journals [edit]
- Nelson, Kristina (2001). The Art of Reciting the Qur'an. Cairo; New York: American University in Cairo Printing.
- Tajwid: The Fine art of Recitation of the Holy Qur'an by Dr. Abdul Majid Khan, Tughra Books 2013. http://www.tughrabooks.com/books/detail/tajwid-the-art-of-the-recitation-of-the-quran
- "Theory and Practice of Tajwid," Encyclopedia of Arabic Linguistic communication and Linguistics, 4, Leiden, Brill, 2007 (or still in press)
External links [edit]
- Essential Ilm, lessons about Standard arabic and reciting the Quran with tajweed.
- Tajweed podcast, iTunes tajwīd podcast in English language for English speakers.
garretsontwoun1957.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajwid
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